2010年11月13日至14日，APEC组织21个国家或经济体的领导人出席参加横滨峰会。成员国在这次峰会搁置了对货币政策的争论。这次横滨峰会于11月14日(星期日)结束并发表声明将采取切实步骤努力实现更广泛的经济一体化及建立亚太自由贸易区(Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific, FTAAP)，以便将美国、日本、澳大利亚、中国等经济体和一些亚洲太平洋迅速发展的经济体联系起来。亚太经合组织成员国认为这将“给亚太地区乃至世界人民带来更大的繁荣和福祉”。
美国总统奥巴马和其他亚太经合组织领袖集合一起，由日本首相菅直人宣读了《横滨愿景》(“The Yokohama Vision – Bogor and Beyond”)。菅直人指出，为了要继
续成为全球经济的推动力，亚太经济合作组织成员国必须加深经济融合，并著重于可持续的增长。
亚太经合组织领袖集合一起, 由日本首相菅直人宣读了《横滨愿景》("The Yokohama Vision - Bogor and Beyond"), November 14, 2010
2010年APEC夏威夷峰会领导人合影. APEC 2011 Leader Summit - Nov 13, 2011 Hawaii
APEC 2011 Hawaii Summit
APEC delegates from around the World attended the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Honolulu, Hawaii in November 2011.
The APEC 2011 CEO Summit has been held at Waikiki luxury resort hotel.
The Future. Redefined – a new era of cooperation at the intersection of government and business leadership to forge a more connected, innovative, dynamic region. Based on the premise that the future is something we actively create, not something that happens to us, the Summit will explore policy choices and business decisions based on the trends and forces at work in the region and in the world, weighing both opportunities and obstacles that lie ahead.
亚太经济合作组织2008年领导人会议(APEC CEO Summit 2008)于11月22日至23日在秘鲁首都利马举行。目前全球金融危机成为这次亚太经合组织 峰会议程上的重要课题。美国布什总统在会议上敦促与会国家领导人和他一起支持最近二十国集团(Group of 20)拟定的经济改革措施，以应对全球金融危机。
U.S. President Obama & Indonesian President Yudhoyono at G20 Toronto Summit 美国总统奥巴马和印尼总统尤多约诺在G20多伦多峰会期间会谈
– 黄达维 David C. Huang, June 2010 USA
Video Credit & Reference: The White House and 美国国务院国际信息局
U.S. President Obama & Indonesian President Yudhoyono at G20 Summit
President Obama met with Indonesian President Yudhoyono at G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada on June 27, 2010. President Obama said: “It is wonderful once again to see my good friend, the President of Indonesia, and members of his delegation. I obviously have enjoyed our interactions here, although my hope and wish was that I was going to be seeing him in Jakarta. Because of the crisis that we’ve had in the Gulf, I’ve had to delay the trip. But graciously, for a second time now, the President has re-extended the invitation, and I am confident that we are going to get there.”
President Obama and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia spoke to the media after meeting:
The Minister Mentor and First Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew of the Republic of Singapore visited the United States in October 2009. Before he met with President Obama on October 29, 2009, Mr. Lee Kuan Yew attended U.S.-ASEAN Business Council’s 25th Anniversary Gala Dinner on October 27, 2009 at Washington, DC. to accept Lifetime Achievement Award.
In his remarks, Minister Mentor Lee spoke at length on the strategic situation in East Asia, saying, “To remain at the centre of East Asia’s economic and political evolution, ASEAN must integrate more closely and with urgency.” On the role of the United States, he added, “In building any new East Asian architecture, the U.S. must be an important part of it…whatever the challenges, U.S. core interest requires that it remain the superior power in the Pacific.”
SPEECH BY MR LEE KUAN YEW, MINISTER MENTOR, AT US-ASEAN BUSINESS COUNCIL’S 25TH ANNIVERSARY GALA DINNER, 27 OCTOBER 2009, 3:48 PM AT WASHINGTON, DC
Senator Jim Webb
Chairman, Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,
Senator Christopher “Kit” Bond,
Members of the House of Representatives,
Under Secretary of State Robert Hormats,
Assistant Secretaries,
The Honorable Henry Kissinger,
The Honorable George Shultz,
The Honorable William Cohen,
Mr George David,
Mr Alexander Feldman,
Distinguished guests,
Ladies and gentlemen,
Thank you for honouring me this evening. Small countries have little influence on international trends. Singapore has always taken the world as it is. We analyse the world clinically, take advantage of opportunities that come our way or get out of harm’s way. This evening, I hope to share with you some of my views on some major international trends.
2 I have lived through several historic eras: as a British colony; then, a Japanese military conquest and occupation that shattered Western colonial empires. Then, the Cold War between the US/western Europe and the Soviet Bloc. Finally, in 1992, the dissolution of the Soviet empire. And the world is now in the midst of another momentous transformation.
李光耀会见美国总统奥巴马, 2009.10.29
G-20
3 When President Barack Obama announced at the Pittsburgh G-20 Summit that G-20 would replace G-8, he implicitly acknowledged the end of the post-World War II world order. An American President has taken a realistic view of the changed world, although for the next two to three decades, America will remain the sole superpower.
4 America and her European allies shaped the world order after World War II.
5 The UN system and Bretton Woods institutions will still be important. But for some time, it has been clear that the present system can no longer ensure international stability. America has now signalled that emerging major powers will be included to manage the world order.
6 No one can predict how the G-20 will evolve. It does not herald a multi-polar world with parity between the different poles. Europe, a large economy, is no longer a global strategic actor. India and Brazil have influence in their own regions. Russia is a major nuclear power with vast quantities of oil and gas and control of gas pipes across Eastern and Western Europe, and China will have global heft and influence in two decades.
7 A changed world order is upon us.
李光耀详述目前东亚战略形势
China
8 The global financial crisis has hastened this change. As a member of WTO from 2001, China will maximise its economic potential and become a powerhouse within two to three decades.
9 It faces enormous domestic problems. No one knows their seriousness better than China’s own leaders. But in a pragmatic way, they have coped with their problems. This leadership is not in denial of the weaknesses and flaws in their system: among them, widespread corruption and increasing numbers of mass protests in rural areas where Communist Party officials collude with property developers to evict farmers from their land without adequate compensation. Beijing’s response has been flexible, using the carrot or stick, or both. It has survived traumas that would have cracked a rigid system. While there are imponderables in its development, the course it has set out on will result in high growth rates for the next two decades. High growth will bring major social and political changes. China’s present political structures will come under acute stress. Governing a people with over 70% living in urban areas with access to worldwide information through “Blackberries”, cell-phones and the Internet will require a restructuring
of their political structures and governance of this huge nation.
10 China’s transformation began when President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger visited Beijing in January 1972 to talk to a then-seemingly implacable enemy. They changed the course of history. Soon afterward, China openly broke off from the Soviet Union. In December 1978, Deng Xiaoping announced his open-door policy that is now restoring China to its former global status. Successive American Presidents have moved relations with China closer towards the centre of US policies. There was vacillation, sometimes China was called a ‘strategic partner’, at other times a ‘potential adversary’. But US policy kept a steady course to increase multilateral trade, investments and mutual prosperity. Furthermore, closer ties with other East Asian powers are enhancing security.
11 Unlike US-Soviet relations during the Cold War, there is no bitter, irreconcilable ideological conflict between the US and a China that has enthusiastically embraced the market. Both countries want stability in their relations and an international system that increases trade and investments.
12 Sino-US relations are both cooperative and competitive. Competition between them is inevitable, but conflict is not. For China to grow its economy, it needs stability at home and peace abroad. It seeks access to the markets, investments and technology of all major economies. For instance, China has stopped resurrecting grievances over atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied China from 1931 to 1945. Instead, President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao have extended a hand in friendship and co-operation to Japan and promised it for generations.
13 They have concluded that their best strategy is to build a strong and prosperous future and use their huge and increasingly highly-skilled and educated workers to out-sell and out-build all others. They will avoid any action that will sour up relations with the US. To challenge a stronger and technologically superior power like the US will abort their ‘peaceful
rise’.
A modernised PLA on parade
14 So it was a surprise that on the 60th Anniversary of China’s National Day on 1st October 2009, Beijing paraded high-tech China-made weapons: ballistic missile systems, a new fighter aircraft J-10, airborne refuelling tankers, DH-10 land attack cruise missiles, KJ-2000 airborne early warning and control systems.
15 The US, Japan, India and all of China’s neighbours must have taken notice of this display. Of course, a country the size of China must have its armed forces keep abreast with its economic growth. The PLA is way behind the US Armed Services. However, the pace at which China has achieved these technological capabilities will mean a modern high-tech PLA in another two to three decades. A blue-water fleet with aircraft carriers cannot just be to deter foreign intervention in a conflict between Taiwan and the Mainland.
16 Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei all have claims on the islets and sand banks in the Paracels and Spratlys. Chinese maps show these islets and most of the South China Sea as under Chinese ownership. There have also been disputes over fishing grounds between China and various ASEAN countries. The Chinese have built on several islets fishing outposts,
and coastguard vessels patrol them. Later, behind these small patrol craft will be a blue-water fleet.
17 For the last 200 years, the international system has been dominated by the West. Unlike other emergent countries, China wants to be China and accepted as such, not as an honorary member of the West.
美国-亚细安商业理事会成立25周年晚宴, 2009.10.27
East Asia and ASEAN
18 China’s rise is one facet of East Asia’s modernisation growth story. It began with Japan and the Meiji Revolution in 1868. In China, it began in December 1978 with the open-door policy of Deng Xiaoping. India opened up to the world in 1991. China and India can and will catch up with the West in science and technology. They will restore Asia to its leading position before European colonialism enveloped them. The world order will be re-balanced.
19 Growth has created growing strategic complexity between China, Japan, South Korea, India, ASEAN and Australia. Each will try to position itself to achieve maximum security, stability and influence. The consensus in ASEAN is that the US remains irreplaceable in East Asia. But it can no longer be alone and manage the new complexities to maintain stability. Hence, the search for some new architecture, such as the concept of a community in East Asia.
20 It has several manifestations: APEC, ASEAN+3, the East Asia Summit, Australia’s Prime Minister Rudd’s notion of an Asia Pacific community and, recently, Japanese Prime Minister Hatoyama’s vaguely-defined East Asian Community.
21 ‘Community’ is too amorphous a term to describe the search for a new architecture. But the underlying strategic concerns that led to these proposals are real.
22 To remain at the centre of East Asia’s economic and political evolution, ASEAN must integrate more closely and with urgency. Otherwise, it will be marginalised. A good start has been made with the speedy conclusion of the ASEAN Charter. Now the Charter must be implemented.
23 ASEAN lacks strategic weight. Hence, all ASEAN countries welcomed the Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s decision to re-engage Southeast Asia. America has decided to accede to ASEAN’s Treaty of Amity and Cooperation. This November, President Obama will hold a Summit with all 10 ASEAN Leaders in Singapore. A consistent American policy of keeping ASEAN engaged will add to stability.
24 It would be a serious mistake for the region to define East Asia in closed or, worse, in racial terms. In building any new East Asian architecture, the US must be an important part of it.
25 China is not ready or willing to assume equal responsibility for managing the international system. The US is still the world’s largest economy and market of last resort. The US dollar will remain as the premier international reserve currency, although the Euro, China’s RMB, Japan’
s Yen and others will also eventually become reserve currencies. But it will take time to rebalance global savings and global consumption, especially China’s. But it must happen and will happen.
26 In the end, whatever the challenges, US core interest requires that it remains the superior power on the Pacific. To give up this position would diminish America’s role throughout the world.
27 Ladies and gentlemen, I am now happy to take your questions.
Vital clues about the devastating ends to the lives of massive stars can be found by studying the aftermath of their explosions. In its more than twelve years of science operations, NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has studied many of these supernova remnants sprinkled across the galaxy. The latest example of this important investigation is Chandra's new image of the supernova remnant known as G350.1-0.3. This stellar debris field is located some 14,700 light years from the Earth toward the center of the Milky Way. Evidence from Chandra and from ESA's XMM-Newton telescope suggest that a compact object within G350.1+0.3 may be the dense core of the star that exploded. The position of this likely neutron star, seen by the arrow pointing to "neutron star" in the inset image, is well away from the center of the X-ray emission. If the supernova explosion occurred near the center of the X-ray emission then the neutron star must have received a powerful kick in the supernova explosion. Data suggest this supernova remnant, as it appears in the image, is 600 and 1,200 years old. If the estimated location of the explosion is correct, this means the neutron star has been moving at a speed of at least 3 million miles per hour since the explosion. Another intriguing aspect of G350.1-0.3 is its unusual shape. Many supernova remnants are nearly circular, but G350.1-0.3 is strikingly asymmetrical as seen in the Chandra data in this image (gold). Infrared data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope (light blue) also trace the morphology found by Chandra. Astronomers think that this bizarre shape is due to stellar debris field expanding into a nearby cloud of cold molecular gas. The age of 600-1,200 years puts the explosion that created G350.1-0.3 in the same time frame as other famous supernovas that formed the Crab and SN 1006 supernova remnants. However, it is unlikely that anyone on Earth would have seen the explosion because of the obscuring gas and dust that lies along our line of sight to the remnant. These results appeared in the April 10, 2011 issue of The Astrophysical Journal. Image Credits: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO/I. Lovchinsky et al; IR: NASA/JPL-Caltech Read More
